Sources

Our digital content goal is twofold:

• Equip clients and their families with the knowledge needed to make informed decisions
• Empower them to seek proven substance use disorder treatments so they can overcome addiction and thrive

Our Content Development Process

We are deeply committed to your health, wellness, and recovery. Our content development process includes comprehensive data review, rigorous analysis, and thorough verification to ensure the medical insights we share are accurate and trustworthy.

Your Trusted Partners in Recovery

Our highly accredited and certified therapists and medical professionals collaborate with experienced medical copywriters and editors. Together, we assess all health information for accuracy and relevance and ensure it aligns with the Beach House mission, vision, and values before it’s published.

External Links and Sources We Use

Below, you will find links to several external websites and social media channels. These resources have been identified and evaluated as part of our comprehensive content development process.

When selecting external references, we adhere to the following strict criteria

• All resources must provide unbiased, high-quality, and accurate medical insights that complement or enrich our content.
• All resources must be credible and authoritative, often stemming from government sites, medical association platforms, and health websites sponsored by federal government agencies (e.g., The National Institutes of Health).

If you’re ready to begin your journey toward long-lasting recovery and wellness, contact us today.

List of Trusted Sources

• Amazon.com; https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0646277898/inneraplaceforsh
• BMJ; https://www.bmj.com/content/362/bmj.k2817
• Consumer Reports; https://www.consumerreports.org/drug-safety/risk-of-drug-side-effects-rises-as-you-age/
• com; https://www.drugs.com/mtm/epsom-salt.html
• com; https://www.holistichealthtools.com/liver.html
• Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry; https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf8002174
• Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics; https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jhn.12286
• Mayo Clinic; https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/detox-diets/faq-20058040
• Mayo Clinic; https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/toxic-hepatitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352202
• Hindawi; https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jt/2017/9815853/
• NCBI; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3652964/
• Harvard Drug Group; https://www.theharvarddruggroup.com/shop/item/get-details/pkid/812075
• SAMHSA;  https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/report_1965/ShortReport-1965.html
• GVSU; https://www.gvsu.edu/cms4/asset/903124DF-BD7F-3286-FE3330AA44F994DE/drug_use_and_gender.pdf
• American Family Physician; https://www.aafp.org/afp/2013/0815/p224.html
• Drug and Alcohol Dependence; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376871609001586
• International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry; https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/gps.4821
• JAMA Internal Medicine; https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2701626
• Journal of Psychiatric Research; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022395617310750
• WebMD; https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/benzodiazepine-abuse#1
• com; https://www.drugrehab.com/addiction/prescription-drugs/xanax/xanax-high/
• Georgia Drug Detox; https://georgiadrugdetox.com/resources/how-long-does-a-xanax-high-last/
• Medical News Today; https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/263490.php
• The Recovery Village; https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/xanax-addiction//know-if-someone-on-xanax/#gref
• The Recovery Village; https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/xanax-addiction//#gref
• American Family Physician; https://www.aafp.org/afp/2013/0815/p224.html
• American Journal of Psychiatry; https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12010112
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6801a1.htm
• Medical News Today; https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324926.php
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2017-nsduh-annual-national-report
• Behavioral Neurology; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3652964/
• SAMHSA; https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/report_1965/ShortReport-1965.html
• Multiple studies; https://www.gvsu.edu/cms4/asset/903124DF-BD7F-3286-FE3330AA44F994DE/drug_use_and_gender.pdf
• American Family Physician; https://www.aafp.org/afp/2013/0815/p224.html
• 2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH); https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2017-nsduh-annual-national-report
• American Family Physician; https://www.aafp.org/afp/2013/0815/p224.html
• The Brain; https://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/d/d_04/d_04_m/d_04_m_peu/d_04_m_peu.html
• National Center for Biotechnology Information; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3860432/
• National Center for Biotechnology Information; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3625995/
• National Center for Biotechnology Information; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC543875/
• National Center for Biotechnology Information; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3484320/
• National Center for Biotechnology Information; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3860432/
• National Center for Biotechnology Information; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3625995/
• National Center for Biotechnology Information; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC543875/
• National Center for Biotechnology Information; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3484320/
• National Center for Biotechnology Information; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3820092/
• National Institute on alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/ahrw19-2/138-141.pdf
• National Center for Biotechnology Information; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4923427/
• Cleveland Clinic; https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21994-alcoholic-cardiomyopathy#:~:text=Alcoholic%20cardiomyopathy%20is%20a%20condition,need%20medication%20or%20even%20surgery
• National Institute on Drug Abuse; https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates
• National Institute on Drug Abuse; https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/prescription-drugs/cns-depressants/what-are-cns-depressants
• National Center for Biotechnology Information; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4754801/
• National Center for Biotechnology Information; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24859230/
• National Institute on Drug Abuse; https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/principles-drug-addiction-treatment-research-based-guide-third-edition/evidence-based-approaches-to-drug-addiction-treatment/pharmacotherapies
• National Institute on Drug Abuse; https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/principles-drug-addiction-treatment-research-based-guide-third-edition/preface
• National Center for Biotechnology Information; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30375498
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration;
• National Center for Biotechnology Information; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24328842
• Tramadol: Seizures, Serotonin Syndrome, and Co-administered Antidepressants. April, 2009.
• Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine (CJM). Tramadol-induced seizure, a 3-year study. June, 2012.
• The American Journal of Medicine. Tramadol: Understanding the Risk of Serotonin Syndrome and Seizures. Nov, 2018.
• Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management. Tramadol extended-release in the management of chronic pain. June, 2007.
• The American Journal of Nursing (AJN). New Warning for Tramadol. September, 2010.
• Mayoclinic, “Tramadol.”
• com. “Xanax.” Retrieved from
• “How to Recognize and Treat Xanax Addiction.” Retrieved from
• JAMA International Medicine. “Factors Associated With Long-term Benzodiazepine Use Among Older Adults.” Retrieved from
• Psychology Today. “The Use of the Minor Tranquilizers: Xanax, Ativan, Klonopin, and Valium.” Retrieved from
• “Xanax.” Retrieved from
• Journal of Addictive Medicine. A Review of Alprazolam Use, Misuse, and Withdrawal. Jan, 2018.
• British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology (BJCP). Alprazolam is relatively more toxic than other benzodiazepines in overdose. July, 2004.
• Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis. April, 2004.
• Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. Adderall Misuse Rising Among Young Adults. February 16, 2016. Columbia Graduate Science Journal. Addicted to Adderall. Volume 9. Spring, 2015. Psychology Today. Will Adderall be the New Opioid Crisis? May, 2018. Brigham Young University. Adderall abuse as final exam study aid “trending” among U.S. students. May, 2013. Live Science. Adderall Abuse is a Growing Problem, Experts Warn. February, 2016.
• The Royal Society Publishing. Parallel studies of cocaine-related neural and cognitive impairment in humans and monkeys. Oct, 2008.
  Alcohol Research Journal. The Risks Associated with Alcohol Use and Alcoholism. Vol 2, 2011.
  The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. April, 2005.
  Health Affairs. The Economics of Alcohol Abuse and Alcohol-Control Policies. March, 2002.
  Addiction Science and Clinical Practice. The Neurobiology of Cocaine Addiction. Dec, 2005.
• Journal of Pain and Symptom Management (JPSM). Oxycodone. May, 2005.
• Anesthesiology and Pain Management. Use of Oxycodone in Pain Management. April, 2012.
• American Journal of Public Health. The Promotion and Marketing of OxyContin: Commercial Triumph, Public Health Tragedy.  Feb, 2009.
• BMC Anesthesiology. Comparison of analgesic effect of oxycodone and morphine on patients with moderate and advanced cancer pain: a meta-analysis. September, 2018.
• Palliative Medicine. A systematic review of Oxycodone in the management of cancer pain. June, 2011.
• Journal of Pain and Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy. The Pharmacokinetics of Oxycodone. August, 2009.
• Journal of Addictive Diseases. Maintenance Medication for Opiate Addiction: The Foundation of Recovery.  July, 2012.
• Western Journal of Medicine. Use of methadone. Jan, 2000.
• Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice. Buprenorphine vs methadone treatment: A review of evidence in both developed and developing worlds.  Jan, 2012.
• Journal of Addiction Medicine. Transferring Patients from Methadone to Buprenorphine : The Feasibility and Evaluation of Practice Guidelines. May, 2018.
• The Journal of the European Psychiatry Association. Methadone withdrawal psychosis—case report. March, 2016.
• Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine (YJBM). Relapse Prevention and the Five Rules of Recovery. Sept, 2015.
• Addictive Biology. Acute Withdrawal, protracted abstinence and negative affect in alcoholism: Are they linked? April, 2010.
• Alternative and Complementary Therapies. Post-Acute Withdrawal Syndrome, Relapse Prevention, and Homeopathy. Dec, 2017.
• American Nurse Today. Understanding and managing alcohol withdrawal syndrome. June, 2013.
• Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. The Economic Costs of Substance Abuse Treatment: Updated Estimates and Cost Bands for Program Assessment and Reimbursement. Dec, 2009.
• Health Services Research. Effectiveness and Cost-effectiveness of Four Treatment Modalities for Substance Disorders: A Propensity Score Analysis. Feb, 2003.
• Journal of Health Economics. Willingness to pay for drug rehabilitation: Implications forcost recovery. July, 2008.
• Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. Economic costs of drug abuse: Financial, cost of illness, and services. March, 2008.
• Academy of Medical-Surgical Nurses. Harm Reduction: Compassionate Care Of Persons With Addictions. Nov, 2013.
• Addiction Science in Clinical Practice. Managing Addiction as a Chronic Condition. Dec, 2007.
• Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior. Drug addiction. Is it a disease or is it based on choice? A review of Gene Heyman’s Addiction: A disorder of choice. Mar, 2011.
• Journal of Health and Social Policy. The Impact of Substance Use Disorders of Families and Children: From Theory to Practice. July, 2013.
• Addictive Behaviors Reports. Do addicts have free will? An empirical approach to a vexing question. June, 2017.
• Addiction Science and Clinical Practice. The Neurobiology of Cocaine Addiction. Dec, 2005
• Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. The pathophysiology of cocaine abuse. March, 2003.
• Journal of the American College of Cardiology (JACC). The Cardiovascular Effects of Cocaine. July, 2017.
• Blood Journal. Cocaine and the blood-brain-barrier. October, 2011.
• American Heart Association Journals (AHA). Cardiovascular Effects of Cocaine. Dec, 2010
• Journal of the American Chemical Society. Development of a Clinically Viable Heroin Vaccine. June, 2017.
• The Lancet. Feasibility, safety, and efficacy of injectable heroin prescription for refractory opioid addicts: a follow-up study. October, 2001.
• International Journal of Drug Policy. Exposure to fentanyl-contaminated heroin and overdose risk among illicit opioid users in Rhode Island: A mixed methods study.  August, 2017.
• Frontiers in Neuroscience. Abstinent Heroin Addicts Tend to Take Risks: ERP and Source Localization.  Dec, 2017.
• The Journal of Physiology. What makes Lorazepam different from other Benzodiazepines? December 2005.
• The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. The effects of benzodiazepines on cognition. September 2006.
• Journal of Addictions Nursing. Ativan (Lorazepam). May 2012.
• Anesthesiology. Lorazepam Is an Independent Risk Factor for Transitioning to Delirium in Intensive Care Unit Patients. January 2006.
• Psychological Medicine. Rapid antidepressant effects of the psychedelic ayahuasca in the treatment of resistant depression: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.  June, 2018.
• The International Journal on Drug Policy. Ayahuasca’s entwined efficacy: An ethnographic study of ritual healing from ‘addiction.’  June, 2017.
• Brain Research Bulletin. Ayahuasca: Pharmacology, neuroscience and therapeutic potential. Sept, 2016.
• Journal of Psychopharmacology. The current state of research on ayahuasca: A systematic review of human studies assessing psychiatric symptoms, neuropsychological function, and neuroimaging. June, 2016.
• Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). Binge Drinking Among US Adults. Jan, 2003.
• APA News and Journals. Frequent Binge Drinking Among US Adolescents, 1991-2015. May, 2017.
• Frontiers in Psychiatry. Personality Traits Related to Binge Drinking: A Systematic Review. July, 2017.
• Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. Binge Drinking Episodes in Young Adults: How We Should Measure Them in a Research Setting. July, 2017.
• Johns Hopkins University— Hub Staff Report. Adderall abuse on the rise among young adults. Feb, 2016.
• Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. The pathophysiology of cocaine abuse. March, 2003.
• Journal of the American College of Cardiology (JACC). The Cardiovascular Effects of Cocaine. July, 2017.
• ASPET Pharmacological Reviews. Psychostimulants and Cognition: A Continuum of Behavioral and Cognitive Action. Jan, 2014.
• Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Adderall and the FDA. Vol 40, 2001.
• Addiction Science and Clinical Practice. The Neurobiology of Cocaine Addiction. Dec, 2005
• Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. Prescription Sedative Misuse and Abuse. Sept, 2015.
  Journal of Addictive Medicine. A Review of Alprazolam Use, Misuse, and Withdrawal. Jan, 2018.
  Blood Journal. Cocaine and the blood-brain-barrier. Oct, 2011.
  American Heart Association Journals (AHA). Cardiovascular Effects of Cocaine. Dec, 2010.
  British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology (BJCP). Alprazolam is relatively more toxic than other benzodiazepines in overdose. July, 2004.
• The American Academy of Pediatrics Clinical Report. Codeine: Time to Say “No.” September, 2016.
• Pharmaceutical Methods. Recent Updates on Codeine. Jan, 2011.
• The Australian Prescriber. Cautions with codeine. Oct, 2011.
• New England Journal of Medicine. New Evidence About an Old Drug—Risk with Codeine After Adenotonscillectomy. Jun, 2013.
• JMIR Public Health and Surveillance. Representations of Codeine Misuse on Instagram: Content Analysis. Jan, 2018.
• Addiction. “The prevalence of psychotic symptoms among methamphetamine users.” Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16968349/
• Biological Psychiatry. “A Methamphetamine Vaccine Attenuates Methamphetamine-Induced Disruptions in Thermoregulation and Activity in Rats.” Retrieved from https://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-3223(12)00803-7/abstract
• ClinicalTrials.gov. “Study of Medical Treatment for Methamphetamine Addiction (BUP PGx).” Retrieved from https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT00833443?term=%22Methamphetamine%22+and+%22Addiction%22&rank=2&sect=Xa80156
• Drug and Alcohol Dependence. “Time to relapse following treatment for methamphetamine use: a long-term perspective on patterns and predictors.” Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4550209/
• Drug and Alcohol Review. “A pilot randomized controlled trial of modafinil during acute methamphetamine withdrawal: Feasibility, tolerability, and clinical outcomes.” Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2012.00473.x
• Frontiers in Psychiatry. “Craving Responses to Methamphetamine and Sexual Visual Cues in Individuals with Methamphetamine Use Disorder after Long-Term Drug Rehabilitation.” Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5917670/
• International Journal of Medical Sciences. “Recombinant AAV8-mediated intrastriatal gene delivery of CDNF protects rats against methamphetamine neurotoxicity.” Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28553166
• Journal of Addiction Medicine. “Eight Weeks of Exercise Training Improves Fitness Measures in Methamphetamine-Dependent Individuals in Residential Treatment.” Retrieved from https://journals.lww.com/journaladdictionmedicine/Abstract/2013/03000/Eight_Weeks_of_Exercise_Training_Improves_Fitness.7.aspx
• Journal of Addiction Medicine. “Sex Differences in the Association Between Internalizing Symptoms and Craving in Methamphetamine Users.” Retrieved from https://journals.lww.com/journaladdictionmedicine/Abstract/2016/12000/Sex_Differences_in_the_Association_Between.4.aspx
• Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology. “Methamphetamine-Associated Psychosis.” Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3280383/
• Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. “Stroke and methamphetamine use in young adults: a review.” Retrieved from https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/88/12/1079
• MedlinePlus. “Methamphetamine overdose.” Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007480.htm
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. “Availability and Effectiveness of Programs to Treat Methamphetamine Abuse.” Retrieved from https://archives.drugabuse.gov/testimonies/2006/availability-effectiveness-programs-to-treat-methamphetamine-abuse
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. “High rates of dental and gum disease occur among methamphetamine users.” Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/news-events/news-releases/2015/11/high-rates-dental-gum-disease-occur-among-methamphetamine-users
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. “Methamphetamine.” Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/methamphetamine
• Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. “Methylphenidate vs. resperidone in treatment of methamphetamine dependence: A clinical trial.” Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319016413000418
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. “Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health.” Retrieved from https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-FFR1-2016/NSDUH-FFR1-2016.htm#illicit12
• Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation. “Benefits of Peer Support Groups in the Treatment of Addiction.” Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5047716/
• Synapse. “Racemic gamma-vinyl-GABA (R,S-GVG) blocks methamphetamine-triggered reinstatement of conditioned place preference.” Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19016239
• AccessDataFDA.gov. “Dilaudid.” Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/019034s018lbl.pdf
• Drugs.com. “Dilaudid.” Retrieved from https://www.drugs.com/dilaudid.html
• Home Health Testing. “Drug Test Detection Times.” Retrieved from https://www.homehealthtesting.com/drug_test_detection_times.php
• Journal of Addiction Medicine. “American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) National Practice Guideline for the Use of Medications in the Treatment of Addiction Involving Opioid Use.” Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26406300?_ga=2.105568387.1499850190.1543861955-2123801784.1532297321
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. Overdose Death Rates.” “National Overdose Deaths: Number of Deaths Involving Opioids.” Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates
• National Institutes of Health. MedlinePlus. “Opiate and opioid withdrawal.” Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000949.htm
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. “Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health.” “Opioid Use Disorder.” Retrieved from https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-FFR1-2016/NSDUH-FFR1-2016.htm#tx2
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. “Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health.” “Opioid Misuse in the Past Year.” “Past Year Pain Reliever Misuse.” Retrieved from https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2017-nsduh-annual-national-report
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. “Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health.” “Substance Use Disorders in the Past Year.” “Pain Reliever Use Disorder.” Retrieved from https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2017-nsduh-annual-national-report
• USDrugTestCenters.com. “5 Panel Drug Tests Plus Expanded Opiates.” Retrieved from https://www.usdrugtestcenters.com/5-panel-expanded-opiates.html
• Johns Hopkins University— Hub Staff Report. Adderall abuse on the rise among young adults. Feb, 2016.
• Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.  Adderall and the FDA. Vol 40, 2001.
• ASPET Pharmacological Reviews. Psychostimulants and Cognition: A Continuum of Behavioral and Cognitive Action. Jan, 2014.
• Pharmacy. Neurocognitive, Autonomic, and Mood Effects of Adderall: A Pilot Study of Healthy College Students. September, 2018.
• Brain and Behavior. Prescription stimulants in individuals with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: misuse, cognitive impact, and adverse effects. September 2012.
• The Pharmaceutical Journal. Heroin abuse: breaking the cycle. June, 2015.
• Current Directions in Psychological Science. The Heroin Overdose Mystery. Dec, 2016.
• Harm Reduction Journal. Mitigating the heroin crisis in Baltimore, MD, USA: a cost-benefit analysis of a hypothetical supervised injection facility. May, 2017.
• The Journal of Pain. Heroin use among patients prescribed opiate therapy. March, 2018.
• Johns Hopkins University— Hub Staff Report. Adderall abuse on the rise among young adults. Feb, 2016.
• Brain and Behavior. Prescription stimulants in individuals with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: misuse, cognitive impact, and adverse effects. September 2012.
• Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.  Adderall and the FDA. Vol 40, 2001.
• Pharmacy. Neurocognitive, Autonomic, and Mood Effects of Adderall: A Pilot Study of Healthy College Students. September, 2018.
• ASPET Pharmacological Reviews. Psychostimulants and Cognition: A Continuum of Behavioral and Cognitive Action. Jan, 2014.
• Harm Reduction Journal. Fentanyl-contaminated drugs and non-fatal overdose among people who inject drugs in Baltimore, MD. Feb, 2018.
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. New Hampshire Opioid Summary. Feb, 2018.
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. New Jersey Opioid Summary. Feb, 2018.
• Long Island Pulse. The Spiral into Fentanyl. June, 2017.
• Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). Fentanyl-Fueled Overdoses. May, 2017.
• AMA Journal of Ethics. Opioids for Nonmalignant Chronic Pain. March, 2015.
• Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons. Estimating the Actual Death Rate Caused by Prescription Opioid Medication and Illicit Fentanyl. Vol. 13. Spring, 2018.
• National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA) What is Fentanyl? June, 2016.
• Association of American Physicians and Surgeons. Opioid Overdose Crisis is From Illicit Fentanyl. Mar, 2018.
• Journal of Medical Toxicology. Transdermal fentanyl: pharmacology and toxicology. Dec, 2009.
• Journal of Pain and Symptom Management (JPSM). Is Fentanyl Patch End-Of-Dose Failure Associated with Body Mass Index? Feb, 2018.
• The New England Journal of Medicine. Addressing the Fentanyl Threat to Public Health. Feb, 2016.
• The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. Fentanyl-laced heroin: a report from an unexpected place. Feb, 2009.
• Journal of the American Medical Association. Barbiturate Withdrawal Following Internet Purchase of Fioricet.  Nov, 2018.
• Journal of Medical Toxicology. Combined Butalbital/Acetominophen/Caffeine Overdose: Case Files of the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Toxicology Service. Dec, 2012.
• Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. The history of barbiturates a century after their clinical introduction.  Dec, 2005.
• The Journal of Neuroscience. Barbiturates Induce Mitochondrial Depolarization and Potentiate Excitotoxic Neuronal Death. Nov, 2002.
• Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry. The Experience of Addiction as told by the Addicted: Incorporating Biological Understandings into Self-Story. Dec, 2012.
• Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. Relapse Prevention and the Five Rules of Recovery. Sept, 2015.
• Frontiers in Psychiatry. The Shame of Addiction. October, 2013
• Journal of Nursing Regulation. Understanding the Disease of Addiction. July, 2010.
• Alcohol Research Current Reviews (ARCR). Alcohol’s Effects on Brain and Behavior. Jan, 2010.
• Neuropsychology Review. Alcohol: Effect on Neurobehavioral Functions and the Brain. September, 2017.
• American Journal of Public Health.  Key Findings on Alcohol Consumption and a Variety of Health Outcomes from the Nurses’ Health Study. September, 2016.
• The BMJ. Alcohol in the body. Jan, 2005.
• Journal of Addictive Diseases. Alcoholics Anonymous Effectiveness: Faith Meets Science.  September, 2009.
• Alcohol Treatment Quarterly. How Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Narcotics Anonymous (NA) Work: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives. Dec, 2010.
• Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. Drug treatment and 12-step program participation. Jan, 2000.
• Journal of Groups in Addiction and Recovery. What Promotes Wisdom in 12-Step Recovery? Feb, 2014.
• Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education. The hidden harm: Alcohol’s impact on children and families. Feb, 2015.
• US National Library of Medicine National Health Institutes. The impact of family environment on the development of alcohol dependence.  Sept, 2013.
• American Academy of Pediatrics Clinical Report. Families Affected by Parental Substance Use. August, 2016.
• PLOS ONE.  Protective Mental Health Factors in children of parents with alcohol and drug use disorders: A systematic review. June, 2017.
• British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology (BJCP). Pharmacological strategies for drug detoxification. Feb, 2014.
• The New England Journal of Medicine. Management of Drug and Alcohol Withdrawal. May, 2003.
• Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. Pharmacologic treatments for opioid dependence: detoxification and maintenance options. Dec, 2007.
• U.S. Pharmacist. Acute Opioid Withdrawal: Identification and Treatment Strategies. Nov, 2016.
• Journal of Alcohol and Alcoholism. Adolescent Alcohol Use: Risks and Consequences. March, 2014.
• BMC Public Health. Alcohol consumption in tertiary education students. July, 2011.
• Journal of the American College of Cardiology (JACC). Alcohol Abuse and Cardiac Disease. Jan, 2017.
• Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Contribution of Excessive Alcohol Consumption to Deaths and Years of Potential Life Lost in the United States. June, 2014.
• Alcohol Research Current Reviews (ARCR). The Risks Associated with Alcohol Use and Alcoholism. Vol 34, 2011.
• Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences. Codependency of the Members of a Family of an Alcohol Addict. May, 2014.
• Addiction Science and Clinical Practice. The Neurobiology of Cocaine Addiction. Dec, 2005.
• American Heart Association Journals (AHA). Cardiovascular Effects of Cocaine. Dec, 2010.
• Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. The pathophysiology of cocaine abuse. March, 2003
• Journal of the American College of Cardiology (JACC). The Cardiovascular Effects of Cocaine. July, 2017.
• Blood Journal. Cocaine and the blood-brain-barrier. Oct, 2011.
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